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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 94Fighting Noise with Antinoise
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- Electronic mufflers cancel unwanted sound waves in midair
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- By Philip Elmer-Dewitt
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- The oversize, matte-black headsets look like the kind of
- industrial-strength ear protection worn by airport baggage
- handlers. But these are no ordinary earmuffs. They are
- high-tech earphones designed for pilots of small jets and other
- light (and noisy) aircraft. Rather than soften the drumming
- engine noise with thick layers of plastic foam, the earphones
- eliminate it electronically. A tiny microphone samples sound
- waves at the wearer's ear, processes them through special
- circuitry and broadcasts countertones that cancel the offending
- sounds in midair. Result: silence, or something close to it.
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- The $965 aviation headset, made by Bose, a Framingham,
- Mass., manufacturer of hi-fi speakers, is one of the latest
- applications of antinoise, a surprising new technology that is
- changing the way people block unwanted sounds -- from the whine
- of electrical transformers to the rumble of internal-combustion
- engines -- while leaving human voices, alarm bells and other
- useful sounds untouched. The technology should have many uses:
- the American Medical Association estimates that more than 9
- million U.S. workers are exposed to hazardous noise levels on
- the job. In some professions -- notably mining, shipbuilding,
- food processing and printing -- it is not unusual for young
- workers to begin employment with perfect hearing and end up, 25
- years later, nearly deaf.
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- The principle behind all antinoise devices is the same.
- Noise is basically a pressure wave traveling through the air.
- Antinoise is the mirror image of that wave, an equal and
- opposite vibration exactly 180 degrees out of phase with the
- noise to be blocked. When noise and antinoise collide, they
- interact with what is called destructive interference, canceling
- each other out. The idea is not new; generations of high-school
- physics students have seen destructive interference demonstrated
- with undulating Slinkies or jump ropes. But it is only recently
- -- with the advent of small, high-speed signal processors --
- that scientists have had the computer power to make practical
- antinoise devices.
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- There are two ways to generate an antinoise wave. The
- analog approach, first developed in the 1930s using vacuum-tube
- technology, works something like a seesaw. A mechanism drives
- a loud speaker that pushes the air when incoming sound waves
- rise and pulls it back when the sound waves fall. Alternatively,
- antinoise waves can be created digitally, using a signal
- processor to convert incoming sound waves into a stream of
- numbers. Given those numbers, computers can quickly calculate
- the frequency and amplitude of the mirror-image waves. Those
- specifications are then fed to a conventional speaker and
- broadcast into the air. Sounds that the system wants to
- preserve, like human voices, can be subtracted out in the
- beginning of the process and added back in at the end.
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- At least half a dozen firms are selling antinoise systems
- in the U.S. and Europe. A pair of British firms, Racal Acoustics
- and Plessey, sell antinoise headphones that combat cockpit noise
- in military vehicles, such as the Sea King helicopter and the
- Warrior attack vehicle. Digisonix, a division of Nelson
- Industries in Stoughton, Wis., markets units that can be bolted
- to air ducts to mute the blast of industrial fans and heating
- and air-conditioning systems. Noise Cancellation Technologies
- of New York City just announced a joint venture with Tenneco to
- make electronic mufflers for automobiles and light trucks that
- can dampen engine boom without reducing engine performance or
- fuel efficiency.
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- The DSP Group in Emeryville, Calif., has developed
- computerized silencers that can cut through the line noise that
- makes cellular telephoning a chore. The same technology is being
- used by Government agencies involved in surveillance and
- intelligence gathering to improve the performance of
- eavesdropping devices. Active Noise and Vibration Technologies
- of Phoenix makes antinoise speakers for the headrests of
- helicopters, trucks and airplanes to surround passengers with
- zones of silence. Soon, lawn mowers and snow-blowers may be
- electronically muzzled to reduce suburban din. And, thanks to
- antinoise systems, submarines carrying nuclear warheads now run
- silent as well as deep. "Everywhere you hear noise, there's a
- business opportunity," says Gene Frantz, applications manager
- for digital signal processing at Texas Instruments. "We're at
- a stage of the technology where the first guy to the problem can
- be rich."
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- No antinoise system is perfect. The digital devices work
- well with repetitive noises, like the sounds of fans and
- turbines, but cannot stop random or unexpected noises. Analog
- systems fight low, random noises but do it by eliminating all
- low-frequency sounds, good or bad. And none of the antinoise
- devices currently on the market are very good at canceling
- high-pitched squeals and whistles. The problem: calculating
- antiwaves for sounds higher than middle C requires more
- computing power than today's chips can provide. For now, the
- most cost-effective way to block those tones is still to stick
- your fingers in your ears.
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